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--
-- 数据库: `book`
--

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- 表的结构 `activity`
--

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `activity` (
  `id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `title` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `content` text NOT NULL,
  `sender` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `pubtime` varchar(19) NOT NULL,
  `category_id` int(10) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB  DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk AUTO_INCREMENT=13 ;

--
-- 转存表中的数据 `activity`
--

INSERT INTO `activity` (`id`, `title`, `content`, `sender`, `pubtime`, `category_id`) VALUES
(1, 'Cycling to BEIDAI River ', '<p><img height="109" width="550" src="/userfiles/image/BEIDAI.JPG" alt="" /></p>\r\n<p>Cycling to BEIDAI River <br />\r\n&nbsp;Routine:<br />\r\n<br />\r\nYou need to prepare for a three days cycling:<br />\r\ni.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Take ID card, or student card and other cards which can specify you.<br />\r\nii.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Do not take too much food, make it just enough for next meal, you can buy during the process of the cycling. <br />\r\niii.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Do not go neck and neck.<br />\r\niv.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Use the same gesture when cycling (turn right, turn left or stop).<br />\r\nv.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The bike should too high for you, and make the bike site softer.<br />\r\nvi.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Put the necessary things at hand in order to get them easy.<br />\r\nvii.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Be careful of the sunshine.<br />\r\nviii.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Listen to the leader, and do not go away from the team.</p>', 'chao', '2011-12-20 07:49:40', 2),
(2, 'Cycling to BaiYangGou', '<p>Cycling to BaiYangGou <br />\r\nYou need to prepare for a four days cycling:<br />\r\nTake ID card, or student card and other cards which can specify you.<br />\r\nDo not take too much food, make it just enough for next meal, you can buy during the process of the cycling. <br />\r\nDo not go neck and neck.<br />\r\nUse the same gesture when cycling (turn right, turn left or stop).<br />\r\nThe bike should too high for you, and make the bike site softer.<br />\r\nPut the necessary things at hand in order to get them easy.<br />\r\nBe careful of the sunshine.<br />\r\nListen to the leader, and do not go away from the team.</p>', 'chao', '2011-12-20 08:15:07', 2),
(3, 'Rock Climbing in Write River', '<p>You need to prepare for a 2 days cycling:<br />\r\nTake ID card, or student card and other cards which can specify you.<br />\r\nDo not take too much food, make it just enough for next meal, you can buy during the process of the cycling. <br />\r\nDo not go neck and neck.<br />\r\nUse the same gesture when cycling (turn right, turn left or stop).<br />\r\nThe bike should too high for you, and make the bike site softer.<br />\r\nPut the necessary things at hand in order to get them easy.<br />\r\nBe careful of the sunshine.<br />\r\nListen to the leader, and do not go away from the team.</p>', 'chao', '2011-12-20 08:18:05', 3),
(4, 'YangTai', '<p>&nbsp;Rock Climbing in YangTai:<br />\r\nYou need to prepare for food for at least 2 days:</p>\r\n<p>Take ID card, or student card and other cards which can specify you.<br />\r\nDo not take too much food, make it just enough for next meal, you can buy during the process of the cycling. <br />\r\nDo not go neck and neck.<br />\r\nUse the same gesture when cycling (turn right, turn left or stop).<br />\r\nThe bike should too high for you, and make the bike site softer.<br />\r\nPut the necessary things at hand in order to get them easy.<br />\r\nBe careful of the sunshine.<br />\r\nListen to the leader, and do not go away from the team.</p>', 'chao', '2011-12-20 08:22:27', 3),
(5, 'XiaoXiLake', '<p><img height="426" width="600" src="/userfiles/image/xiaoxilake.jpg" alt="" /></p>\r\n<p>You need to prepare for a four days cycling:<br />\r\nTake ID card, or student card and other cards which can specify you.<br />\r\nDo not take too much food, make it just enough for next meal, you can buy during the process of the cycling. <br />\r\nDo not go neck and neck.<br />\r\nUse the same gesture when cycling (turn right, turn left or stop).<br />\r\nThe bike should too high for you, and make the bike site softer.<br />\r\nPut the necessary things at hand in order to get them easy.<br />\r\nBe careful of the sunshine.<br />\r\nListen to the leader, and do not go away from the team.</p>', 'chao', '2011-12-20 08:28:04', 4),
(6, 'LongMen', '<p><img height="540" width="400" src="/userfiles/image/longmen.jpg" alt="" /></p>\r\n<p>You need to prepare for a four days cycling:<br />\r\nTake ID card, or student card and other cards which can specify you.<br />\r\nDo not take too much food, make it just enough for next meal, you can buy during the process of the cycling. <br />\r\nDo not go neck and neck.<br />\r\nUse the same gesture when cycling (turn right, turn left or stop).<br />\r\nThe bike should too high for you, and make the bike site softer.<br />\r\nPut the necessary things at hand in order to get them easy.<br />\r\nBe careful of the sunshine.<br />\r\nListen to the leader, and do not go away from the team.</p>', 'chao', '2011-12-20 08:29:24', 4),
(7, 'LingMountain', '<p>You need to prepare for a four days cycling:<br />\r\nTake ID card, or student card and other cards which can specify you.<br />\r\nDo not take too much food, make it just enough for next meal, you can buy during the process of the cycling. <br />\r\nDo not go neck and neck.<br />\r\nUse the same gesture when cycling (turn right, turn left or stop).<br />\r\nThe bike should too high for you, and make the bike site softer.<br />\r\nPut the necessary things at hand in order to get them easy.<br />\r\nBe careful of the sunshine.<br />\r\nListen to the leader, and do not go away from the team.</p>', 'chao', '2011-12-20 08:30:46', 5),
(10, 'going to a near mountain', '<p><img height="362" width="220" src="/userfiles/image/rock1.jpg" alt="" />going near mountain</p>', 'chao', '2011-12-21 14:06:45', 6),
(11, 'xiang mauntain', '<p><img width="501" height="333" alt="" src="/userfiles/image/xiang.JPG" /></p>\r\n<p>You need to prepare for a four days cycling:<br />\r\nTake ID card, or student card and other cards which can specify you.<br />\r\nDo not take too much food, make it just enough for next meal, you can buy during the process of the cycling. <br />\r\nDo not go neck and neck.<br />\r\nUse the same gesture when cycling (turn right, turn left or stop).<br />\r\nThe bike should too high for you, and make the bike site softer.<br />\r\nPut the necessary things at hand in order to get them easy.<br />\r\nBe careful of the sunshine.<br />\r\nListen to the leader, and do not go away from the team.</p>', '', '2012-05-24 11:54:35', 3),
(12, 'going Xing River', '<p>Today I will go to the Xing River</p>', '', '2012-05-24 14:25:38', 4);

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- 表的结构 `activitycategory`
--

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `activitycategory` (
  `id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `category_name` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `order_id` int(10) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB  DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk AUTO_INCREMENT=7 ;

--
-- 转存表中的数据 `activitycategory`
--

INSERT INTO `activitycategory` (`id`, `category_name`, `order_id`) VALUES
(2, 'Cycling', 10),
(3, 'Climbing', 10),
(4, 'GoThrough', 10),
(5, 'ClimbingMountain', 10),
(6, 'going', 10);

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- 表的结构 `admin`
--

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `admin` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `manager` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `mana_pwd` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `purview` int(10) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB  DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk AUTO_INCREMENT=2 ;

--
-- 转存表中的数据 `admin`
--

INSERT INTO `admin` (`id`, `manager`, `mana_pwd`, `purview`) VALUES
(1, 'sunyingchao', 'sunyingchao', 9);

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- 表的结构 `category`
--

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `category` (
  `id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `category_name` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `order_id` int(10) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB  DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk AUTO_INCREMENT=6 ;

--
-- 转存表中的数据 `category`
--

INSERT INTO `category` (`id`, `category_name`, `order_id`) VALUES
(3, 'CYCLING', 10),
(4, 'INDOOR CLIMBING', 10),
(5, 'Cyclingrt', 10);

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- 表的结构 `chat`
--

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `chat` (
  `id` bigint(20) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `msg` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `ip` varchar(15) DEFAULT NULL,
  `times` varchar(19) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB  DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk AUTO_INCREMENT=2 ;

--
-- 转存表中的数据 `chat`
--

INSERT INTO `chat` (`id`, `name`, `msg`, `ip`, `times`) VALUES
(1, 'chao', 'hello', '192.168.67.129', '2011-12-1 12:12:15');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- 表的结构 `commerce`
--

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `commerce` (
  `id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=1 ;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- 表的结构 `commonsense`
--

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `commonsense` (
  `id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=1 ;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- 表的结构 `newactivity`
--

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `newactivity` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` varchar(30) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB  DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk AUTO_INCREMENT=3 ;

--
-- 转存表中的数据 `newactivity`
--

INSERT INTO `newactivity` (`id`, `name`) VALUES
(1, 'chao'),
(2, '');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- 表的结构 `news`
--

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `news` (
  `id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `title` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `content` text NOT NULL,
  `sender` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  `pubtime` varchar(19) NOT NULL,
  `category_id` int(10) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB  DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk AUTO_INCREMENT=17 ;

--
-- 转存表中的数据 `news`
--

INSERT INTO `news` (`id`, `title`, `content`, `sender`, `pubtime`, `category_id`) VALUES
(1, 'Top-roping', '<p><img height="329" width="220" src="/userfiles/image/rock2.jpg" alt="" /><img height="330" width="220" src="/userfiles/image/rock3.jpg" alt="" /><img src="/userfiles/image/rock4.jpg" style="width: 220px; height: 330px;" alt="" /></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<h3><span id="Top-roping" class="mw-headline">Top-roping</span></h3>\r\n<p>In top-roping, an anchor is set up at the summit of a route prior to the  start of a climb. Rope is run through the anchor; one end attaches to the  climber and the other to the <a href="/wiki/Belay" title="Belay" class="mw-redirect">belayer</a>, who keeps the rope taut during the climb and  prevents long falls. This type of climbing is widely regarded as the safest type  of climbing, with the lowest chance of injury.</p>\r\n<h3><span id="Lead_climbing" class="mw-headline">Lead climbing</span></h3>\r\n<div class="thumb tright">\r\n<div style="WIDTH: 222px" class="thumbinner">\r\n<div class="thumbcaption">\r\n<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Joshua_Tree_-_Illusion_Dweller_10.jpg" title="Enlarge" class="internal"></a></div>\r\nLeader  belays the second on <i>Illusion Dweller</i> in <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Tree_National_Park" title="Joshua Tree National Park">Joshua  Tree National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA" class="mw-redirect">USA</a></div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>In lead climbing, one person, called the &quot;leader&quot;, will climb from the ground  up with rope directly attached to his or her harness. (and not through a top  anchor) The second person, &quot;belays&quot; the leader by feeding out enough rope to  allow upward progression without undue slack. As the leader progresses, he clips  the rope through intermediate points of protection such as active cams, or  passive protection such as nuts; this limits the length of a potential fall. The  leader also may clip into pre-drilled bolts.</p>\r\n<p>Because the climbing rope is of a fixed length, the leader can only climb a  certain distance. Thus longer routes are broken up into several &quot;pitches&quot;; this  is called &quot;multi-pitching&quot;. At the top of a pitch, the &quot;leader&quot; sets up an  anchor and then belays the &quot;second&quot; up to the anchor; as the &quot;second&quot; follows  the route taken by the &quot;leader&quot; she removes the equipment placed along the way  in order to use it again on the next &quot;pitch.&quot; Once both are at the anchor, the  &quot;leader&quot; begins climbing the next pitch and so on until the top is reached.</p>\r\n<p>In either case, upon completion of a route, climbers can walk back down (if  an alternate descent path exists) or <a href="/wiki/Abseiling" title="Abseiling">rappel (abseil)</a> down with the rope.</p>\r\n<h3><span id="Grading_systems" class="mw-headline">Grading systems</span></h3>\r\n<p>Climbing communities in many countries and regions have developed their own  <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)" title="Grade (climbing)">rating systems for  routes</a>. Ratings (or &quot;grades&quot;) record and communicate consensus appraisals of  difficulty. (Hence, there may be occasional disagreements arising from  physiological or stylistic differences among climbers.) The ratings take into  account multiple factors affecting a route, such as the slope of the ascent, the  quantity and quality of available handholds, the distance between holds, ease of  placing protection and whether advanced technical maneuvers are required. Whilst  height of a route is generally <i>not</i> considered a factor, a long series of  sustained hard moves will often merit a higher grade than a single move of the  same technical difficulty. The typical rating system for top-roping and lead  climbing is from 5.2-5.15b. There can be debate on the difficulty rating.  Typically the rating for the hardest move on the wall will be the rating for the  whole climb, although sometimes climbs are rated for endurance factor. For  example, a climb can have multiple 5.11 moves with no rests and thus be rated  5.12. The most commonly used rating systems in the US are the <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Decimal_System" title="Yosemite Decimal System">Yosemite  Decimal System</a> and the &quot;V&quot; <a href="/wiki/Grade_(bouldering)" title="Grade (bouldering)">bouldering grade.</a></p>\r\n<h3><span id="Climbing_environments" class="mw-headline">Climbing  environments</span></h3>\r\n<p>Climbs can occur either outdoors on varying types of rock or <a href="/wiki/Indoor_climbing" title="Indoor climbing">indoors</a> on specialized  <a href="/wiki/Climbing_wall" title="Climbing wall">climbing walls</a>.  Outdoors, climbs usually take place on sunny days when the holds are dry and  provide the best grip, but climbers can also attempt to climb at night or in  adverse weather conditions if they have the proper training and equipment.  However, night climbing or climbing in adverse weather conditions will increase  the difficulty and danger on any climbing route.</p>', 'chao', '2011-12-06 06:51:04', 1),
(3, 'Aid climbing', '<p><img height="362" width="220" src="/userfiles/image/rock1.jpg" alt="" /></p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp; Although rock climbing was an important component of <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, it is generally thought that the <i>sport</i> of  rock climbing began in the last quarter of the nineteenth century in various  parts of Europe. Rock climbing evolved gradually from an alpine necessity to a  distinct athletic activity.</p>\r\n<p><a href="/wiki/Aid_climbing" title="Aid climbing">Aid climbing</a> (climbing  using equipment that acts as artificial hand- or footholds) became popular  during the period 1920 - 1960, leading to ascents in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Valley" title="Yosemite Valley">Yosemite Valley</a> that were considered impossible  without such means. However, climbing techniques, equipment and ethical  considerations have evolved steadily. Today, <a href="/wiki/Free_climbing" title="Free climbing">free climbing</a> (climbing on holds made entirely of  natural rock, using gear solely for protection and not for upward movement) is  the most popular form of the sport. Free climbing has since been divided into  several <a href="/wiki/Climbing_styles" title="Climbing styles" class="mw-redirect">sub-styles of climbing</a> dependent on <a href="/wiki/Belaying" title="Belaying">belay</a> configuration (described  below).</p>\r\n<p>Over time, <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)" title="Grade (climbing)">grading  systems</a> have also been created in order to more accurately compare the  relative difficulties of climbs.</p>\r\n<p>At its most basic, rock climbing involves climbing a route with one''s own  hands and feet and little more than a cushioned <a href="/wiki/Bouldering_pad" title="Bouldering pad" class="mw-redirect">bouldering pad</a> in the way  of protection. This style of climbing is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Bouldering" title="Bouldering">bouldering</a>, since the relevant routes are usually  found on <a href="/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">boulders</a> no more than 10 to  15 feet tall.</p>\r\n<p>As routes get higher off the ground, the increased risk of life-threatening  injuries necessitates additional safety measures. A variety of specialized <a href="/wiki/Climbing_techniques" title="Climbing techniques" class="mw-redirect">climbing techniques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climbing_equipment" title="Climbing equipment" class="mw-redirect">climbing equipment</a> exists to provide that  safety. Climbers will usually work in pairs and utilize a system of ropes and <a href="/wiki/Anchor_(climbing)" title="Anchor (climbing)">anchors</a> designed to  catch falls. Ropes and anchors can be configured differently to suit many styles  of climbing, and roped climbing is thus divided into further sub-types that vary  based on how their <a href="/wiki/Belay" title="Belay" class="mw-redirect">belay</a>  systems are set up. The different styles are described in more detail below,  but, generally speaking, beginners will start with <a href="/wiki/Top_roping" title="Top roping">top roping</a> and/or easy <a href="/wiki/Bouldering" title="Bouldering">bouldering</a> and work their way up to <a href="/wiki/Lead_climbing" title="Lead climbing">lead climbing</a> and  beyond.</p>', 'chao', '2011-12-07 12:23:27', 1),
(4, 'sport climbing', '<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<h2><span id="Basics" class="mw-headline">Basics</span></h2>\r\n<div class="thumb tright">\r\n<div style="WIDTH: 222px" class="thumbinner"><a href="/wiki/File:Oprema_sportno_plezanje.jpg" class="image"><img height="165" width="220" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Oprema_sportno_plezanje.jpg/220px-Oprema_sportno_plezanje.jpg" alt="" class="thumbimage" /></a>\r\n<div class="thumbcaption">\r\n<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Oprema_sportno_plezanje.jpg" title="Enlarge" class="internal"></a></div>\r\nSport  climbing equipment. From left to right, top to bottom are: rope, helmet,  climbing shoes, harness, chalk bag, belay device, and quick  draws.</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>On a sport climbing route, pre-placed bolts follow a ''line'' up a rock face.  Sport climbs can vary in length from a few metres to a full 60 metre rope length  for multi-pitch climbs. The climbs might be equipped with just a few bolts or  many.</p>\r\n<p>Sport climbing can be undertaken with relatively little equipment. Equipment  used in sport climbing includes:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n    <li>A <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_rope" title="Dynamic rope">dynamic rope</a></li>\r\n    <li><a href="/wiki/Quickdraw" title="Quickdraw">Quickdraws</a></li>\r\n    <li>A <a href="/wiki/Climbing_equipment#Belay_devices" title="Climbing equipment" class="mw-redirect">belay device</a></li>\r\n    <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_harness" title="Climbing harness">Climbing  harnesses</a> for belayer and climber</li>\r\n    <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_shoes" title="Climbing shoes" class="mw-redirect">Climbing Shoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climbing_equipment#Chalk_bag" title="Climbing equipment" class="mw-redirect">chalk  bag</a> are normally used, although not technically necessary</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<div class="thumb tright">\r\n<div style="WIDTH: 222px" class="thumbinner"><a href="/wiki/File:2quickdraws.saa.jpeg" class="image"><img height="149" width="220" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/2quickdraws.saa.jpeg/220px-2quickdraws.saa.jpeg" alt="" class="thumbimage" /></a>\r\n<div class="thumbcaption">\r\n<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:2quickdraws.saa.jpeg" title="Enlarge" class="internal"></a></div>\r\nTwo  quickdraws. The left side of the draws are clipped directly to the bolt. The  rope will be clipped through the right side.</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>To <a href="/wiki/Lead_climbing" title="Lead climbing">lead</a> a sport climb  means to ascend a route with a rope tied to the climber''s harness, and with the  loose end of the rope handled by a <a href="/wiki/Belay" title="Belay" class="mw-redirect">belayer</a>. As each bolt is reached along the route, the  climber attaches a quickdraw to the bolt, and then clips the rope through the  hanging end of the quickdraw. This bolt is now protecting the climber in the  event of a fall. At the top of sport routes, there is typically a two-bolt  anchor that can be used to return the climber to the ground or previous rappel  point.</p>\r\n<p>Because sport routes do not require placing protection, the climber can  concentrate on the difficulty of the moves rather than placing protection or the  consequences of a fall.</p>\r\n<p>Sport climbing differs from <a href="/wiki/Traditional_climbing" title="Traditional climbing">traditional climbing</a> with respect to the  type and placement of protection. Traditional climbing uses mostly removable  protection (such as <a href="/wiki/Spring_loaded_camming_device" title="Spring loaded camming device" class="mw-redirect">cams</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nut_(climbing)" title="Nut (climbing)">nuts</a>), and tends to minimize the usage of  pre-placed protection. Sport climbing typically involves single <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(vertical_space)" title="Pitch (vertical space)" class="mw-redirect">pitch</a> routes but can have multi-pitch  routes. <a href="/wiki/El_Potrero_Chico" title="El Potrero Chico" class="mw-redirect">El Potrero Chico</a> is a well known multi-pitch  sport climbing area. Long multi-pitch routes may lack pre-placed anchors due to  economical, logistical or ethical reasons.</p>\r\n<p>Rock types that produce good sport climbs include <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a>, though sport climbs can be found on almost  all rock types.</p>\r\n<h3><span id="Ratings" class="mw-headline">Ratings</span></h3>\r\n<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climbing_grade" title="Climbing grade" class="mw-redirect">Climbing grade</a></div>\r\n<p>Sport climbs are assigned subjective ratings to indicate difficulty. The type  of rating depends on the geographic location of the route, since different  countries and climbing communities use different rating systems.</p>\r\n<p>The Ewbank rating system, used in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa,  is a numerical open-ended system, starting from 1, which you can (at least in  theory) walk up, up to 34 (as of 2008).</p>\r\n<p>The French rating system considers the overall difficulty of the climb,  taking into account the difficulty of the moves and the length of climb. This  differs from most grading systems where one rates a climbing route according to  the most difficult section (or single move). Grades are numerical, starting at 1  (very easy), and the system is open-ended. Each numerical grade can be  subdivided by adding a letter (a, b or c). Examples: 2, 4, 4b, 6a, 7c. An  optional + (no -) may be used to further differentiate difficulty. Many  countries in Europe use a system with similar grades but not necessarily  matching difficulties. Sport climbing in Britain and Ireland uses the French  grading system, often prefixed with the letter &quot;F&quot;.</p>\r\n<p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Decimal_System" title="Yosemite Decimal System">Yosemite Decimal System</a> is used to rate  sport climbs. Current grades for sport routes vary between 5.0 (very, very easy)  to 5.15 (ridiculously hard), although the system is open-ended. Past 5.10,  letter grades between <i>a</i> and <i>d</i> are sometimes used for further  subdivision (e.g. 5.11a or 5.10d). Pluses and minuses may also be used (e.g.  5.9+ or 5.11-).<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Originally, the YDS  rating was designed to rate the difficulty of the hardest move on a given  route.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> However, modern  sport grades often take into account other features such as length and  sustainedness.</p>', 'chao', '2011-12-20 02:23:24', 1),
(5, 'rating', '<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<h2><span id="Ethics" class="mw-headline">Ethics</span></h2>\r\n<p>The ethics climbers adopt toward their sport are not always steadfast, and  they often depend on the venue. The following examples are merely outlines that  do not always hold true.</p>\r\n<h3><span id="Bolting" class="mw-headline">Bolting</span></h3>\r\n<p>Whether a route should be bolted as a sport climb is often in dispute.</p>\r\n<p>In some areas, including some in the United States, if a route cannot be  safely climbed with the use of traditional gear, it is generally acceptable to  the climbing community to bolt it. In much of the U.K., similar bolting is  widely considered unacceptable<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup>. However,  regulations regarding bolting can vary from state to state and between  landowners or land managers &amp; should always be thoroughly researched. Also  look into Park policy and local climbing ethics before bolting.<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2009">citation  needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>\r\n<p>Additionally, the method of bolting may often be challenged. Many early sport  routes were bolted on lead by the first ascender: a &quot;traditional&quot; approach. One  could say that it became &quot;sport&quot; climbing when routes started to get bolted from  the top (hanging on a rope).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\r\n<h3><span id="First_ascents" class="mw-headline">First ascents</span></h3>\r\n<p>Sometimes, a newly bolted route is considered &quot;red tagged,&quot; and ethics  dictate that the person who bolted the route should be the only climber to  attempt it until they can send it. This is because equipping a new route is an  expensive &amp; time-consuming endeavor for the person who finds it. Other  times, the bolter will allow the route they developed to become an &quot;open  project&quot; that anyone can try. Ascents of reserved routes have led to a number of  controversies in the sport climbing world.</p>\r\n<h3><span id="Chipping.2C_comfortizing.2C_and_reinforcing" class="mw-headline">Chipping,  comfortizing, and reinforcing</span></h3>\r\n<p>Changing the natural features of rock is often frowned upon, but in many  parts of the world it is accepted to some extent. At some areas, &quot;chipping&quot; of  the rock with a chisel or similar tool to create a hold that did not exist  naturally is considered acceptable. This is particularly true in some quarries  as well as some European crags. However, at many other areas, local ethics  absolutely forbid this.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\r\n<p>Comfortizing holds often involves aggressively cleaning a route to the point  where sharp holds have been filed down, often making them somewhat easier to  use. While many climbers frown on this, in some areas comfortizing is considered  acceptable to a point.</p>\r\n<p>Reinforcing rock with glue is the most widely accepted modification to  natural features in the sport climbing world. When a popular route is climbed  over and over, holds may become looser and closer to breaking. Sometimes, these  holds will be reinforced to prevent them from breaking. Other times, if a hold  entirely breaks off, it may be glued back on. In most areas, these practices are  considered acceptable if done neatly.<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from February 2011">citation  needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>\r\n<h3><span id="Sending" class="mw-headline">Sending</span></h3>\r\n<p>Sometimes, an ascent or the style in which it is done will come into dispute.  For example, a leader who experiences tension on their rope from their belayer  while climbing without falling may have not made a valid ascent, through no  fault of their own. Additionally, the line between an onsight and a flash is  often disputed. Some climbers consider any knowledge of a route, including its  grade, to be data that invalidates an onsight. However, other climbers will go  so far as to belay another climber on a route and still claim that they did not  have enough prior knowledge to move from the onsight realm to the flash  realm.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\r\n<h3><span id="Not_sending" class="mw-headline">Not sending</span></h3>\r\n<p>If a climber fails to onsight or flash a route, they may decide to &quot;work&quot; it  by attempting to climb it despite falling and hanging on the rope. However, at  popular destinations, multiple parties of climbers will often line up to try a  route. A climber working a route may spend an inordinate amount of time on it,  preventing other parties from climbing it. This is often frowned upon,  particularly if the climber is toproping rather than leading.</p>\r\n<p>Not sending a route means that a climber was unable to climb a route without  hanging on the rope or falling: a send refers to someone climbing a route  entirely under his/her own power without assist from the rope.</p>', 'chao', '2011-12-20 02:24:38', 1),
(6, 'free solo climbing', '<p style="text-align: left;"><img src="/userfiles/image/rock6.jpg" style="width: 316px; height: 321px;" alt="" /></p>\r\n<p><b>Free solo climbing</b>, also known as <b>free soloing</b>, is a form of <a href="/wiki/Free_climbing" title="Free climbing">free climbing</a> where the  climber (the <i>free soloist</i>) forgoes ropes, harnesses and other protective  gear while ascending and relies only on his or her physical strength, climbing  ability, and psychological fortitude to avoid a fatal fall. Free solo climbing  should not be confused with general <a href="/wiki/Free_climbing" title="Free climbing">free climbing</a>, in which gear is typically used  for safety in case of a fall, but not to assist the climb.<img src="http://localhost/JunYeOutdoors/FCKeditor/editor/images/smiley/msn/wink_smile.gif" alt="" /></p>\r\n<h2><span id="Motivations" class="mw-headline">Motivations</span></h2>\r\n<p>Reasons for free soloing given by high-profile climbers include the  simplicity and speed with which one can climb, for example (although it was not  a free solo climb) <a href="/wiki/Alex_Honnold" title="Alex Honnold">Alex  Honnold</a>''s five hours and 49 minutes ascent of the 3,000 ft. <a href="/wiki/The_Nose_(El_Capitan)" title="The Nose (El Capitan)">Nose of El  Capitan</a>, a route normally demanding two to four days.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup>  Other reasons given are the intense concentration required and the <a href="/wiki/Adrenaline_rush" title="Adrenaline rush" class="mw-redirect">adrenaline rush</a>. The practice is mostly  confined to routes familiar to the climber and whose difficulty lies well within  the climber''s abilities. However, inherent <a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">risks</a> such as loose rocks or sudden change in weather are  always present. Some high-profile climbers, including <a href="/wiki/John_Bachar" title="John Bachar">John Bachar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derek_Hersey" title="Derek Hersey">Derek Hersey</a>, have been killed this way. Hersey  died on <a href="/wiki/Sentinel_Rock" title="Sentinel Rock">Sentinel Rock</a> in  1993. The challenge of free soloing single pitch routes is mainly in the mental  difficulty for the climbers of staying focused on what they are doing. Free  soloing is usually not meant to be hard in a physical sense. That said, however,  unpredictable weather and rock conditions can create grave hazards for climbers  on longer routes.</p>\r\n<h2><span id="Practitioners" class="mw-headline">Practitioners</span></h2>\r\n<p>The sport has produced a number of well-known practitioners, made famous by  remarkable photos of a climber totally alone and unprotected on sheer cliffs.  One of the most famous is Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Alain_Robert" title="Alain Robert">Alain Robert</a> (&quot;spiderman&quot;), who has scaled dozens  of skyscrapers around the world &mdash; a sport known as <a href="/wiki/Buildering" title="Buildering">buildering</a> (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Bouldering" title="Bouldering">bouldering</a>) &mdash; and many rock walls,  without using any safety equipment.</p>\r\n<p>Some of the driving forces in rock climbing and free soloing from 1900 to  today are: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hansj%C3%B6rg_Auer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="Hansj&ouml;rg Auer (page does not exist)" class="new">Hansj&ouml;rg  Auer</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bachar" title="John Bachar">John Bachar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Barber_(rock_climber)" title="Henry Barber (rock climber)">Henry Barber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Croft_(climber)" title="Peter Croft (climber)">Peter  Croft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steph_Davis" title="Steph Davis">Steph Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derek_Hersey" title="Derek Hersey">Derek Hersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Huber" title="Alexander Huber">Alexander Huber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Osman" title="Dan Osman">Dan Osman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dave_MacLeod" title="Dave MacLeod">Dave MacLeod</a>, Bill Denz, <a href="/wiki/Tobin_Sorenson" title="Tobin Sorenson">Tobin Sorenson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dean_Potter" title="Dean Potter">Dean Potter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Honnold" title="Alex Honnold">Alex Honnold</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Proft&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="Andreas Proft (page does not exist)" class="new">Andreas  Proft</a> , <a href="/wiki/Ueli_Steck" title="Ueli Steck">Ueli Steck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Preuss_(climber)" title="Paul Preuss (climber)">Paul  Preuss</a>, Kevin Jorgeson, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Edlinger&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="Patrick Edlinger (page does not exist)" class="new">Patrick  Edlinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Reardon_(Free_Soloist)" title="Michael Reardon (Free Soloist)" class="mw-redirect">Michael Reardon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alain_Robert" title="Alain Robert">Alain Robert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Destivelle" title="Catherine Destivelle">Catherine  Destivelle</a>, <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nkl-S91V2Ms&amp;feature=mfu_in_order&amp;list=UL" class="external text">Dennis &quot;Tank&quot; George</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurizio_Zanolla&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="Maurizio Zanolla (page does not exist)" class="new">Maurizio  &quot;Manolo&quot; Zanolla</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaldo_Clarke&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="Renaldo Clarke (page does not exist)" class="new">Renaldo  Clarke</a>.</p>\r\n<h2><span id="Safer_alternatives" class="mw-headline">Safer alternatives</span></h2>\r\n<p>Less risky alternatives to free soloing include <a href="/wiki/Bouldering" title="Bouldering">bouldering</a>, climbing at heights low enough that a  fall would typically be safe and typically making use of a <a href="/wiki/Bouldering_mat" title="Bouldering mat">bouldering mat</a> to cushion  a potential fall. Another alternative is <a href="/wiki/Deep_water_soloing" title="Deep water soloing" class="mw-redirect">deep water  soloing</a>, climbing where falling would result in falling into water. Free  soloing on sea and lake cliffs is still dangerous due to the combination of  risks such as loose rock, tides, submerged boulders, and difficulty of  rescue.</p>', 'chao', '2011-12-20 02:30:31', 1),
(7, 'indoor climbing', '<p><img height="329" width="220" src="/userfiles/image/rock7.jpg" alt="" /></p>\r\n<p><b>Indoor Climbing</b> is an increasingly popular form of <a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">rock climbing</a> performed on  artificial structures that attempt to mimic the experience of <a href="/wiki/Outdoor" title="Outdoor" class="mw-redirect">outdoor</a> rock.</p>\r\n<p>The proliferation of indoor climbing <a href="/wiki/Gyms" title="Gyms" class="mw-redirect">gyms</a> has increased the accessibility, and thus the  popularity, of the sport of climbing. Since environmental conditions (ranging  from the structural integrity of the climbing surfaces, to equipment wear, to  proper use of equipment) can be more controlled in such a setting, indoor  climbing is perhaps a safer and more friendly introduction to the sport. Many  rock gyms are settings for birthday parties and youth teams.</p>\r\n<p>This sense of security has a downside- a new gym climber may head to the  cliffs and find they do not have all of the necessary skills for climbing in a  setting without preplaced anchors, and explicit route finding.</p>\r\n<p>The first indoor walls tended to be made primarily of <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a> leaving little scope for interesting routes, as the  steepness of the wall and variety of the hand holds were somewhat limited.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> More recently,  indoor climbing terrain is constructed of plywood over a metal frame,  spray-coated with texture to simulate a rock face. The biggest indoor climbing  gym in the USA is Stone Summit, located in Atlanta Georgia.</p>\r\n<p>Indoor climbing has also seen an increase in popularity in areas with rainy  <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climates</a> where climbing outdoors is  sometimes difficult. Besides offering an alternative during inclement weather,  many working adults find that they can get to the gym after work and still climb  even though it is too dark outside. In order to improve in any sport, consistent  practice is crucial. With the advent of indoor climbing, weather, seasonal  difficulties, and busy schedules are less of an obstacle to consistent  improvement, and enjoyment of the sport.</p>\r\n<p>Most <a href="/wiki/Climbing_competitions" title="Climbing competitions" class="mw-redirect">climbing competitions</a> are held in  climbing gyms, making them a part of indoor climbing.</p>', 'chao', '2011-12-20 02:35:31', 4),
(9, 'climbing wall', '<p style="text-align: center;"><img height="330" width="220" alt="" src="../../../userfiles/image/rock8.jpg" /></p>\r\n<p style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p>\r\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Indoor_vs_outdoor_climbing">Indoor vs outdoor  climbing</span></h2>\r\n<p>There are a few differences in techniques, style and equipment  between sport  climbing outdoors and indoors. Climbing artificial  climbing walls, especially  indoors is much safer because of controlled  environmental conditions. During  indoor climbing holds are easily  visible in contrast with natural wall where  finding a good holds or  footholds may be a challenge. Climber on artificial  walls are somewhat  restricted to the holds prepared by route setter where on  natural walls  they can use every slope or crack in the surface of the wall. Some   typical rock formations can be difficult to emulate on climbing walls.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="../../display.php?id=8#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\r\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Climbing_Wall_Construction">Climbing Wall  Construction</span></h2>\r\n<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a title="Climbing wall" href="../../../wiki/Climbing_wall">Climbing wall</a></div>\r\n<p>The most common construction method involves screwing resin hand <a title="Climbing hold" href="../../../wiki/Climbing_hold">holds</a> on to wooden boards.  The boards can be of varying height &amp; steepness (from completely horizontal  ''<a title="Roof" href="../../../wiki/Roof">roofs</a>'' to not even vertical ''<a title="Slab" href="../../../wiki/Slab">slabs</a>'')  and have a large variety of holds (such as very  small ''crimps,''  slanted-surfaced ''slopers,'' and ''jugs,'' which are often large  and easy  to hold) attached. This variety, coupled with the ability for the   climbs to be changed by attaching the holds onto the wall differently,  has  resulted in indoor climbing becoming a very successful sport.</p>\r\n<p><img height="293" width="220" alt="" src="../../../userfiles/image/rock9.jpg" />A <b>climbing wall</b> is an artificially constructed wall with grips for  hands and feet, usually used for <a title="Indoor climbing" href="../../../wiki/Indoor_climbing">indoor climbing</a>,  but sometimes located outdoors  as well. Some are brick or wooden  constructions, but on most modern walls, the  material most often used  is a thick <a title="Plywood" href="../../../wiki/Plywood">multiplex board</a>  with holes drilled into it. Recently,  manufactured steel and aluminum  have also been used. The wall may have places to  attach <a class="mw-redirect" title="Belay" href="../../../wiki/Belay">belay</a> ropes, but  may also be used to practice <a title="Lead climbing" href="../../../wiki/Lead_climbing">lead climbing</a> or <a title="Bouldering" href="../../../wiki/Bouldering">bouldering</a>.</p>\r\n<p>Each hole contains a specially formed t-nut to allow modular <a title="Climbing hold" href="../../../wiki/Climbing_hold">climbing holds</a>  to be  screwed on to the wall. With manufactured steel or aluminum  walls, an engineered  industrial fastener is used to secure climbing  holds. The face of the <a title="Plywood" href="../../../wiki/Plywood">multiplex board</a> climbing surface is  covered with textured products including <a title="Concrete" href="../../../wiki/Concrete">concrete</a> and <a title="Paint" href="../../../wiki/Paint">paint</a> or <a title="Polyurethane" href="../../../wiki/Polyurethane">polyurethane</a> loaded with <a title="Sand" href="../../../wiki/Sand">sand</a>.  In addition to the textured surface and hand holds,  the wall may  contain surface structures such as indentions (incuts) and  protrusions  (bulges), or take the form of an overhang, underhang or crack.</p>', 'chao', '2011-12-20 02:39:46', 4),
(10, 'history', '<div class="thumb tright">\r\n<div style="WIDTH: 222px" class="thumbinner"><a href="/wiki/File:Ciclismo_en_Amsterdam.jpg" class="image"><img height="165" width="220" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ciclismo_en_Amsterdam.jpg/220px-Ciclismo_en_Amsterdam.jpg" alt="" class="thumbimage" /></a>\r\n<div class="thumbcaption">\r\n<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ciclismo_en_Amsterdam.jpg" title="Enlarge" class="internal"></a></div>\r\nUrban  cycling in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div class="thumb tright">\r\n<div style="WIDTH: 222px" class="thumbinner"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyclist-189.JPG" class="image"><img height="165" width="220" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cyclist-189.JPG/220px-Cyclist-189.JPG" alt="A man with sports clothes and a white helmet on a bicycle on a road." class="thumbimage" /></a>\r\n<div class="thumbcaption">\r\n<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyclist-189.JPG" title="Enlarge" class="internal"></a></div>\r\nHeavily  equipped London commuter cyclist: specialist cycle clothing, pollution mask,  dark glasses and helmet.</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>In many countries, the most commonly used <a href="/wiki/Vehicle" title="Vehicle">vehicle</a> for <a href="/wiki/Road_transport" title="Road transport">road transport</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Utility_bicycle" title="Utility bicycle">utility bicycle</a>. These have frames with relaxed  geometry, protecting the rider from shocks of the road and easing steering at  low speeds.<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2009">citation  needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>\r\n<p>Road bikes tend to have a more upright shape and a shorter wheelbase, which  make the bike more mobile but harder to ride slowly. The design, coupled with  low or dropped handlebars, requires the rider to bend forward more, utilizing  stronger muscles (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Gluteus_maximus_muscle" title="Gluteus maximus muscle">gluteus maximus</a>) and reducing air  resistance at high speed.</p>\r\n<p>The price of a new bicycle can range from US$50 to more than US$20,000 (the  highest priced bike in the world is the custom Madone by Damien Hirst, sold at  $500,000 USD<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> depending on  quality, type and weight (the most exotic road bicycles can weigh as little as  3.2&nbsp;kg (7&nbsp;lb)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup>). However, <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.uci.ch/Templates/UCI/UCI5/layout.asp?MenuID=MTYxNw&amp;LangId=1" class="external text">UCI</a> regulations stipulates a legal <a href="/wiki/Racing_bicycle" title="Racing bicycle">race bike</a> cannot weigh less than 6.8&nbsp;kg  (14.99&nbsp;lbs). Being measured for a bike and taking it for a test ride are  recommended before buying.</p>\r\n<p>The <a href="/wiki/Bicycle#Drivetrain_and_gearing" title="Bicycle">drivetrain</a> components of the  bike should also be considered. A middle grade <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9railleur" title="D&eacute;railleur" class="mw-redirect">d&eacute;railleur</a> is sufficient for a  beginner, although many utility bikes come equipped with <a href="/wiki/Hub_gear" title="Hub gear">hub gears</a>. If the rider plans a significant amount of  <a href="/wiki/Hillclimbing_(cycling)" title="Hillclimbing (cycling)">hillclimbing</a>, a triple-<a href="/wiki/Crankset" title="Crankset">crank</a> (three chainrings) front <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_gearing" title="Bicycle gearing">gear system</a> may be  preferred. Otherwise, the relatively lighter and less expensive two chainrings  may be better. Much simpler fixed wheel bikes are also available, and may be  more suitable for commuters.</p>\r\n<p>Many road bikes along with mountain bikes include <a href="/wiki/Clipless_pedal" title="Clipless pedal" class="mw-redirect">clipless pedals</a> to which  special shoes attach, via a <a href="/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)" title="Cleat (shoe)">cleat</a>, permitting the rider to pull on the pedals  as well as push. Other possible accessories for the bicycle include front and  back lights, <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_bell" title="Bicycle bell">bells</a> or  horns, disc brakes, child carrying seats, cycling computers with GPS, locks, bar  tape, fenders (mud-guards), baggage racks, baggage carriers and pannier bags,  water bottles and bottle cages.</p>\r\n<p>For basic maintenance and repairs, cyclists can choose to carry a <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_pump" title="Bicycle pump">pump</a> (or a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub>  cartridge</a>), a puncture repair kit, a spare inner tube, and <a href="/wiki/Tire_levers" title="Tire levers" class="mw-redirect">tire levers</a>.  Cycling can be more efficient and comfortable with special <a href="/wiki/Cycling_shoe" title="Cycling shoe">shoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cycling_gloves" title="Cycling gloves" class="mw-redirect">gloves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cycling_shorts" title="Cycling shorts">shorts</a>. In wet weather,  riding can be more tolerable with waterproof clothes, such as cape, jacket,  trousers (pants) and overshoes.</p>\r\n<p>Items legally required in some jurisdictions, or voluntarily adopted for  safety reasons, include <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_helmet" title="Bicycle helmet">bicycle helmets</a>, generator or battery operated  lights, <a href="/wiki/Retroreflector" title="Retroreflector">reflectors</a>, and  audible signalling devices such as a bell or horn. Extras include <a href="/wiki/Studded_tires" title="Studded tires" class="mw-redirect">studded  tires</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Cyclocomputer" title="Cyclocomputer">bicycle  computer</a>.</p>\r\n<p>Bikes can also be heavily customized, with different seat designs and handle  bars, for example.</p>', 'chao', '2011-12-20 02:42:21', 3);
INSERT INTO `news` (`id`, `title`, `content`, `sender`, `pubtime`, `category_id`) VALUES
(12, 'Practices, techniques and skills', '<p>A vehicular cyclist is a cyclist who generally travels within the roadway in  accordance with the basic vehicular <a href="/wiki/Traffic#Rules_of_the_road" title="Traffic">rules of the road</a> that are shared by  all drivers, and the most <a href="/wiki/Effective_Cycling" title="Effective Cycling">effective cycling</a> practices. Primarily, this  means:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n    <li>Travel on the same side of the road as other traffic traveling in the same  direction.<sup id="cite_ref-ec246_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec246-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> An appreciable  percentage of cyclists believe that cycling facing oncoming traffic is a better  survival strategy as it enables them to see dangerous situations developing and  to take evasive action.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Wrong-way cycling is  illegal in most states and countries because cyclists are traditionally required  to follow the same rules as motorists.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> For cycling in  particular, collisions at intersections (defined broadly as &quot;not only the  junction of two roadways, but also points where driveways, sidewalks, or paths  meet a roadway, or where sidewalks or paths meet a driveway&quot;) while traveling in  the wrong direction against traffic has been determined to be over three times  more likely for wrong-way cyclists.<sup id="cite_ref-Wachtel-Lewiston_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wachtel-Lewiston-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup>  Wrong-way cycling increases closing speeds and wrong-way cyclists are easily  overlooked by motorists at intersections.<sup id="cite_ref-Wachtel-Lewiston_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wachtel-Lewiston-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ipmba77_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipmba77-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Wrong-way cycling  also makes bike-bike collisions more likely.<sup id="cite_ref-ipmba77b_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipmba77b-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ec272_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec272-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> In contrast  to the driver rules which apply to cyclists, the rules for pedestrians and  joggers, who generally travel much slower than cyclists, and, unlike cyclists,  can stop and evasively move laterally practically instantaneously, often require  pedestrians to face oncoming traffic when traveling on roadways. Horse riders on  the roadway, like cyclists, are also generally required to follow the rules for  drivers of vehicles, not the rules for pedestrians, for the same reasons.</li>\r\n    <li>Respect traffic controls, such as <a href="/wiki/Yield_sign" title="Yield sign">yield (give way) signs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stop_sign" title="Stop sign">stop signs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">traffic lights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ec285_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec285-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></li>\r\n    <li>Between <a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">intersections</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">junctions</a>, choose  the appropriate lane or lateral position according to those rules of the road  that are shared by all drivers.<sup id="cite_ref-ec246_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec246-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></li>\r\n    <li>At intersection approaches, choose the appropriate lane or lateral position  according to destination positioning.<sup id="cite_ref-ec246_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec246-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></li>\r\n    <li>Ignore designated <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_lane" title="Bicycle lane" class="mw-redirect">bicycle lane</a> stripes when choosing where to travel  on the street (this does not mean to avoid riding in bicycle lanes; it means  deciding whether to ride in the space demarcated as a bike lane just as one  would if the stripe were not there).<sup id="cite_ref-ec284_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec284-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></li>\r\n    <li>Change lanes or lateral (left/right) position in response to, and in  anticipation of, factors such as changing traffic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-ec246_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec246-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></li>\r\n    <li><a href="#Lane_control">Control the traffic lane</a> unless overtaking  traffic is being delayed and the marked traffic lane is wide enough to safely  share.<sup id="cite_ref-cyclecraft58_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyclecraft58-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup></li>\r\n    <li>Always stay outside of the <a href="/wiki/Door_zone" title="Door zone">door  zone</a>; when passing motor vehicles that are parked parallel to the road, no  closer than the largest estimated width of an open door, plus some margin for  error.<sup id="cite_ref-ec297_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec297-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></li>\r\n    <li>When making a turn toward the nearside of a road (left in the U.S.) when  multiple traffic lanes are marked, merge into each lane one at a time while  using <i>negotiation</i> with other drivers as required.<sup id="cite_ref-ec309_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec309-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></li>\r\n    <li>Feel and act like a vehicle driver, albeit the driver of a narrow and  relatively low-powered vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-bt3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bt3-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h3><span id="Lane_control" class="mw-headline">Lane control</span></h3>\r\n<p>A cyclist is controlling a lane (also known as &quot;taking control of the lane&quot;,  &quot;taking the lane&quot; or &quot;claiming the lane&quot;) when traveling near the center of a  marked travel lane. Controlling the lane normally precludes passing within the  same lane by drivers of wide motor vehicles, while being positioned near a lane  edge usually encourages such passing&mdash;even when it is hazardous to  bicyclists.</p>\r\n<p>Vehicular cyclists commonly control lanes under the following  circumstances:</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n    <li>when approaching a junction at which approaching or waiting traffic may turn  or cross directly in front of the cyclist <sup id="cite_ref-chron2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chron2-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></li>\r\n    <li>when there is more than one lane of traffic in the same direction</li>\r\n    <li>when there is only one lane of traffic in the relevant direction, but the  cyclist is traveling at the normal speed of traffic at that time and place or  the marked lane is too narrow to safely share with overtaking traffic</li>\r\n    <li>when the lane is too narrow for cyclists to share the lane safely  side-by-side with a motor vehicle</li>\r\n    <li>when there is a gap in faster same direction traffic (to improve vantage and  maneuvering space with respect to noticing and avoiding hazards up ahead, and to  increase conspicuousness to traffic approaching from the rear as well as to  traffic with potential crossing conflicts up ahead)</li>\r\n    <li>when the cyclist is the only traffic moving in that direction at that time  and place, regardless of the cyclist''s speed</li>\r\n    <li>when approaching a place where the lane narrows (such as a construction  zone) so as not to be &quot;squeezed out&quot; when that happens</li>\r\n    <li>when merging across a roadway in preparation for a turn across the opposing  lanes</li>\r\n    <li>when overtaking and passing another vehicle, bicyclist moving more slowly</li>\r\n    <li>when avoiding hazards</li>\r\n    <li>when approaching an intersection or junction at which the cyclist''s  destination is straight ahead</li>\r\n    <li>when approaching or traveling in a <a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">roundabout</a> or <a href="/wiki/Traffic_circle" title="Traffic circle">traffic circle</a></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>John Franklin advocates operating bicycles in accordance with the basic rules  of the road for vehicle operation. Using the terms &quot;primary riding position&quot; &mdash;  meaning in the center of the traffic lane &mdash; and &quot;secondary riding position&quot; &mdash;  meaning about 1 meter (3.2&nbsp;feet) to the side of moving traffic, but not closer  than .5 meters (1.6&nbsp;feet) from the edge of the road &mdash; Franklin advocates the  primary riding position as the normal position and the secondary riding position  only when it is safe, reasonable and necessary to allow faster traffic to  pass.<sup id="cite_ref-cyclecraft58_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyclecraft58-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\r\n<p>Vehicular cycling, including controlling lanes when appropriate, is supported  by traffic laws in most countries (<a href="/wiki/CVC_21202" title="CVC 21202" class="mw-redirect">California''s Vehicle Code section 21202</a> is an example  of this).</p>\r\n<h3><span id="Lane_sharing" class="mw-headline">Lane sharing</span></h3>\r\n<p>All forms of <a href="/wiki/Lane_sharing" title="Lane sharing">lane  sharing</a> are aspects of vehicular cycling. Sharing lanes with normal width  vehicles is rare because lanes are rarely wide enough. However, bicyclists can  sometimes share lanes safely due to their narrow width. In lanes wide enough for  a bicycle and a vehicle to travel safely side by side within the lane, and when  faster same-direction traffic is present or approaching, vehicular cycling  suggests riding about 1 metre (3.3&nbsp;ft) to the outside of overtaking traffic and  about the same distance from roadside hazards, as well as staying outside of the  <a href="/wiki/Door_zone" title="Door zone">door zone</a>.</p>\r\n<p>As long as it is safe and not explicitly prohibited, lane sharing does not  contradict the vehicular rules of the road. Due to the relatively narrow and  slow nature of bicycles, the opportunities for lane sharing are generally more  frequent for bicyclists than for other drivers. It is also possible for cyclists  to <a href="/wiki/Lane_splitting" title="Lane splitting">filter forward</a> past  slow or stopped motor traffic. Where they exist, <a href="/wiki/Wide_outside_lane" title="Wide outside lane">wide outside lanes</a> may also be shared in  order to facilitate being overtaken by faster traffic.</p>\r\n<p>When riding in a lane sharing position, a cyclist must yield to overtaking  traffic using the other part of the lane, or obtain right-of-way to move over  through <a href="/wiki/Vehicular_cycling#Negotiation" title="Vehicular cycling">negotiation</a>, before moving  laterally into that space.</p>\r\n<h3><span id="Speed_and_destination_positioning" class="mw-headline">Speed and  destination positioning</span></h3>\r\n<p>Vehicular cyclists use &quot;speed positioning&quot; between intersections. The basic  principle is &quot;slower traffic keeps to the outside; faster traffic to the  inside&quot;. When lanes are marked, vehicular cyclists generally operate in the  outermost travel lane. When lanes are not marked, vehicular cyclists generally  operate as far to the outside of the traveled way as is reasonably efficient and  safe.</p>\r\n<p>As vehicular cyclists approach a junction of ways, the principle of  &quot;destination positioning&quot; comes into play, and they should position themselves  laterally according to their destination (left, straight or right):</p>\r\n<ul>\r\n    <li>Where lanes are marked, vehicular cyclists approaching a junction should  choose the outermost lane that serves their destination.</li>\r\n    <li>When lanes are not marked, vehicular cyclists approaching a junction will  travel along the inside of their side of the road if turning toward the inside,  along the outer side if turning to the outside, and in between if going  straight.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>Vehicular cycling theory suggests establishing the center of the outermost  marked lane as the cyclist''s default or <i>primary position</i>, where the  cyclist will be more visible and predictable to motor vehicle traffic. The  <i>secondary position</i> is nearer to the outer edge of the lane, and is used  when traffic is overtaking and likely to be delayed while waiting to pass  outside the lane, and when the lane can be efficiently and safely shared with  motor vehicles.</p>\r\n<p>On multi-lane roadways, some vehicular cyclists ride on the inside of the  outermost lane (on the side furthest from the road edge in the lane nearest the  road edge), for enhanced visibility to motor vehicle traffic. In Salt Lake City,  this left-of-center position is painted by the City in green along with shared  lane markings on several downtown roadways<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2010">citation  needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</p>\r\n<h3><span id="Looking_back" class="mw-headline">Looking back</span></h3>\r\n<p>Vehicular cycling advocates looking back over one''s shoulder as a key skill,  in order to</p>\r\n<ol>\r\n    <li>check that moving laterally or turning will not violate the <a href="/wiki/Right-of-way_(traffic)" title="Right-of-way (traffic)" class="mw-redirect">right-of-way</a> of someone who is  overtaking</li>\r\n    <li>broadcast the cyclist''s desire (to move laterally or turn) to other road  users so that they can better predict the cyclist''s path</li>\r\n    <li>see if someone who''s overtaking is about to make a mistake and violate their  right-of-way</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p>Particularly in slow traffic, a cyclist''s look to the rear may serve as a  signal, allowing the cyclist to keep both hands on the handlebar. However, a  cyclist may also use a <a href="/wiki/Hand_signals" title="Hand signals">hand  signal</a> (arm extended to the side) to request that an overtaking driver make  room. The cyclist then follows up with a second look to the rear to assure that  the driver has made room.</p>\r\n<span id="Negotiation" class="mw-headline">Negotiation</span>\r\n<p>The concept of <i>negotiation</i> is an important part of traversing across  one or more lanes of traffic. The basic idea is to negotiate for the <a href="/wiki/Traffic#Priority_.28right_of_way.29" title="Traffic">right-of-way</a>  in the adjacent lane, move into that lane, and then repeat the process for any  additional lanes. This is an important vehicular cycling skill, because it  allows the cyclist to merge in with the flow of other traffic instead of cutting  across at a right-angle (as a pedestrian would).</p>\r\n<p>The first step in traversing across a lane is <i>looking back</i> for traffic  that may be overtaking in that lane. When there is overtaking traffic which will  arrive too soon for the cyclist to merge out into the lane (i.e., there is an  insufficient gap), the cyclist needs to either wait until traffic has passed and  a sufficient gap becomes available, or request that someone in that traffic  explicitly yield the right-of-way by slowing down to let the cyclist in. Simply  looking back is often all that is required to signal the cyclist''s intent, but  sometimes a hand signal is helpful in getting a driver in overtaking traffic to  yield right-of-way by slowing down to the cyclist''s speed in order to allow the  cyclist to move in front of the driver. Once right-of-way has been acquired in  the adjacent lane, the second step is for the cyclist to <a href="/wiki/Vehicular_cycling#Lane_control" title="Vehicular cycling">move into  that lane</a>.</p>\r\n<p>If there is another lane to traverse, the cyclist repeats the steps until  there are no more lanes to traverse. The key to the process is that the cyclist  merges into traffic lanes as per the <a href="/wiki/Traffic#Rules_of_the_road" title="Traffic">rules of the road</a>, one lane at a  time, either when there is a natural gap to move into, or after someone slows  down explicitly to allow the cyclist to move over.</p>\r\n<p>The higher the relative speed of the overtaking vehicles, the more time and  space a willing motorist needs to notice the cyclist''s request and to safely  slow down enough to allow the cyclist in. An assertive arm signal coupled with a  timely look back is usually sufficient to accomplish this, even in very dense  and fast traffic. When the relative speed is large and the gaps are too small  for merging, the cyclist who is unwilling to use negotiation either has to wait  for traffic conditions to improve or find another route.</p>', 'chao', '2011-12-20 02:47:32', 3),
(13, 'As opposition to segregated cycle facilities', '<p>Vehicular cycling advocates like John Forester and John S. Allen have written  and spoken out about the drawbacks of <a href="/wiki/Segregated_cycle_facilities#Evidence" title="Segregated cycle facilities">segregated cycle  facilities</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"></a></sup>and these views  have drawn criticism.</p>\r\n<p>Urban planning professor John Pucher writes that &quot;although Forester makes a  number of theoretical arguments why bikeways are unsafe, his empirical test of  the superiority of vehicular cycling is based on a sample of one&mdash;a single bike  ride he took on a new bike path in Palo Alto, California.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-pucher_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pucher-29"></a></sup>However,  Forester has never argued that it is impossible to ride on bikeways safely; he  has even noted that it is possible to ride safely on what he considers to be the  most dangerous type of bikeway, the <a href="/wiki/Sidepath" title="Sidepath" class="mw-redirect">sidepath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"></a></sup>The test to which  Pucher refers is one in which Forester rode his bicycle on a sidepath &quot;system  using the same speeds and right-of-way that [Forester] had enjoyed on the  roadway&quot;, a test he had to terminate &quot;because of its excessive dangers&quot;.  Forester also objects to rejection of his test results as being non-scientific  due to the test not having been repeated by anyone else, since it should be easy  for any skeptic to repeat the test.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"></a></sup></p>\r\n<p>Pucher''s various transnational studies of bicycle transportation lead him to  conclude: &quot;the overwhelming evidence is that cycling is much safer and more  popular precisely in those countries where bikeways, bike lanes, special  intersection modifications, and priority traffic signals are the key to their  bicycling policies. ... &quot;<sup id="cite_ref-pucher_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pucher-29"></a></sup>In his  reviews of Pucher''s work, Forester objects to Pucher''s conclusions, primarily on  the grounds that Pucher is conflating correlation with causation. That is,  Pucher ascribes the increase in use of bikes and bike safety observed to the  bikeways, without showing that the bikeways are the actual cause of the  increased use or safety.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"></a></sup></p>\r\n<p>The authors of a 2009 meta-study on cycle infrastructure safety research at  the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>  similarly conclude that &quot;in comparison to cycling on bicycle-specific  infrastructure (paths, lanes, routes), on-road cycling appears to be less  safe.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> In direct contrast  to the claims of vehicular cycling proponents<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Inline-Template">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text in the vicinity of this tag needs examples for clarification from August 2010">examples  needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, Jennifer Dill and Theresa Carr''s research on  bicycle transportation in 35 U.S. cities also suggests that &quot;higher levels of  bicycle infrastructure are positively and significantly correlated with higher  rates of bicycle commuting.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"></a></sup></p>\r\n<p>A recent study comparing streets in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> that had had <a href="/wiki/Cycle_track" title="Cycle track" class="mw-redirect">cycle tracks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_lane" title="Bicycle lane" class="mw-redirect">bicycle  lanes</a> added to them found that cycling volume increased 20% on the cycle  track streets but bicycle accidents increased 10% more than would be expected  from the changed bicycle and automobile traffic volumes, making the cycle tracks  less safe for bicyclists than the unmodified roads. Streets with bicycle lanes  added saw a 5% increase in bicycle traffic but a 49% increase in bicycle  accidents. However, the study noted that &quot;the gains in health from increased  physical activity [from increased numbers cycling are] much, much greater than  the losses in health resulting from a slight decline in road safety.&quot; It is not  known, from the study, how much of the increase in cycling on the modified  streets was just a displacement of existing bicycle traffic from nearby streets  to the modified streets, or a true increase, if any, of bicycling.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"></a></sup></p>', 'chao', '2011-12-20 02:48:33', 3),
(14, 'Cycling infrastructure', '<p>Cyclists, pedestrians and motorists make different demands on road design  which may lead to conflicts. Some jurisdictions give priority to motorized  traffic, for example setting up one-way street systems, free-right turns, high  capacity roundabouts, and <a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">slip roads</a>. Others may apply <a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">traffic restraint</a>  measures to limit the impact of motorized transport. In the former cases,  cycling has tended to decline while in the latter it has tended to be  maintained. Occasionally, extreme measures against cycling may occur. In <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, where bicycles were once the  dominant <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_transport" title="Mode of transport">mode of  transport</a>, bicycle travel on a few city roads was banned temporarily in  December 2003.</p>\r\n<p>In areas in which cycling is popular and encouraged, cycle-parking facilities  using <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_stand" title="Bicycle stand">bicycle stands</a>,  lockable mini-garages, and patrolled cycle parks are used in order to reduce  theft. Local governments promote cycling by permitting bicycles to be carried on  public transport or by providing external <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_carrier" title="Bicycle carrier">attachment devices</a> on public transport  vehicles. Conversely, an absence of secure cycle-parking is a recurring  complaint by cyclists from cities with low modal share of cycling.</p>\r\n<p>Extensive <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_path" title="Bicycle path" class="mw-redirect">bicycle path</a> systems may be found in some cities.  Such dedicated paths often have to be shared with in-line skaters, scooters,  skateboarders, and pedestrians. Segregating bicycle and automobile traffic in  cities has met with mixed success, both in terms of safety and bicycle  promotion. At some point the two streams of traffic inevitably intersect, often  in a haphazard and congested fashion. Studies have demonstrated that, due to the  high incidence of accidents at these sites, some such segregated schemes can  actually <i>increase</i> the number of car-bike collisions.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p>\r\n<p>Bicycles are considered a sustainable mode of transport, especially suited  for urban use and relatively shorter distances when used for transport (compared  to recreation). Case studies and good practices (from European cities and some  worldwide examples) that promote and stimulate this kind of functional cycling  in cities can be found at <a href="/wiki/Eltis" title="Eltis">Eltis</a>, Europe''s  portal for local transport.</p>\r\n<p>In the Netherlands, bicycle paths are widespread and are (in the cities)  closed to <a href="/wiki/Scooter_(motorcycle)" title="Scooter (motorcycle)">scooters</a><sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2011">citation  needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Cyclists in the Netherlands are well protected as  the law assumes the stronger participant (i.e. the car driver) is guilty until  proved innocent (i.e. is the guilty party in all accidents involving weaker  traffic unless evidence of the opposite is provided). Furthermore, drivers know  to expect a high volume of cyclist traffic. Due to these issues the number of  car-bike collisions with serious consequences is not alarmingly high in the  Netherlands</p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<h3><span id="Recreational" class="mw-headline">Recreational</span></h3>\r\n<dl>\r\n    <dt>Bicycle Touring </dt>\r\n</dl>\r\n<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_touring" title="Bicycle touring">Bicycle touring</a></div>\r\n<div class="thumb tright">\r\n<div style="WIDTH: 222px" class="thumbinner"><a href="/wiki/File:WhiteBikesVeluwe.jpg" class="image"><img height="150" width="220" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/WhiteBikesVeluwe.jpg/220px-WhiteBikesVeluwe.jpg" alt="A white bicycle parked in the grass." class="thumbimage" /></a>\r\n<div class="thumbcaption">\r\n<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:WhiteBikesVeluwe.jpg" title="Enlarge" class="internal"></a></div>\r\nIn  the Netherlands, bicycles are freely available for use in the Hoge Veluwe  National Park.</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>Bicycles are used for recreation at all ages. <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_touring" title="Bicycle touring">Bicycle touring</a>, also known as cyclotourism,  involves touring and exploration or sightseeing by bicycle for leisure. A <a href="/wiki/Brevet_(cycling)" title="Brevet (cycling)" class="mw-redirect">brevet</a> or randonn&eacute;e is an organized  long-distance ride.</p>\r\n<p>One popular <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> pleasure  is the enjoyment of relaxed cycling in the <a href="/wiki/Rural" title="Rural" class="mw-redirect">countryside</a> of the Netherlands. The land is very flat and  full of public <a href="/wiki/Segregated_cycle_facilities" title="Segregated cycle facilities">bicycle trails</a> where cyclists are  not bothered by <a href="/wiki/Automobile" title="Automobile">cars</a> and other  traffic, which makes it ideal for cycling recreation. Many <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch people</a> subscribe every  <a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">year</a> to an event called <i><a href="/wiki/Fietsvierdaagse" title="Fietsvierdaagse">fietsvierdaagse</a></i>&nbsp;&mdash;  four days of organised cycling through the local environment. <a href="/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Brest%E2%80%93Paris" title="Paris&ndash;Brest&ndash;Paris">Paris&ndash;Brest&ndash;Paris</a> (PBP),  which began in 1891, is the oldest bicycling event still run on a regular basis  on the open road, covers over 1,200&nbsp;km (746&nbsp;mi) and imposes a 90-hour time  limit. Similar if smaller institutions exist in many countries.</p>\r\n<dl>\r\n    <dt>Organized rides </dt>\r\n</dl>\r\n<div class="thumb tright">\r\n<div style="WIDTH: 222px" class="thumbinner">Many <a href="/wiki/Cycling_club" title="Cycling club">cycling clubs</a> hold  organized rides in which bicyclists of all levels participate. The typical  organized ride starts with a large group of riders, called the mass, bunch or  even <a href="/wiki/Peloton" title="Peloton">peloton</a>. This will thin out over  the course of the ride. Many riders choose to ride together in groups of the  same skill level to take advantage of <a href="/wiki/Drafting_(racing)" title="Drafting (racing)" class="mw-redirect">drafting</a>.</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<p>Most organized rides, for example <a href="/wiki/Cyclosportive" title="Cyclosportive">Cyclosportives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Challenge_riding" title="Challenge riding">Challenge Rides</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reliability_trial" title="Reliability trial">reliability trials</a>,  and <a href="/wiki/Hillclimbing_(cycling)" title="Hillclimbing (cycling)">hill  climbs</a> include registration requirements and will provide information either  through the mail or online concerning start times and other requirements. Rides  usually consist of several different routes, sorted by mileage, and with a  certain number of rest stops that usually include refreshments, first aid and  maintenance tools. Routes can vary by as much as 100 miles (160&nbsp;km).</p>\r\n<dl>\r\n    <dt>Mountain </dt>\r\n</dl>', 'chao', '2011-12-20 02:51:49', 3),
(15, 'fighting in room', '<p><img width="199" height="263" alt="" src="/userfiles/image/22.jpg" />jijikkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk</p>\r\n<p>kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk</p>\r\n<p>kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk</p>', 'chao', '2011-12-21 13:08:29', 3),
(16, 'mountain climbing', '<p>we will go to the mountain today</p>', 'chao', '2011-12-21 14:01:16', 4);

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